ʻO ka spectrometer kahi mea ʻepekema, hoʻohana ʻia no ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o nā radiation electromagnetic, hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i ke ʻano o nā radiations ma ke ʻano he spectrograph e hōʻike ana i ka puʻunaue o ka māmā māmā e pili ana i ka hawewe (y-axis ka ikaika, x-axis ka lōʻihi o ka nalu. / pinepine o ke kukui).Hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa ke kukui i nā lōʻihi nalu o kona mea i loko o ka spectrometer e nā mea hoʻokaʻawale kaola, ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau i nā prisms refractive a i ʻole nā grating diffraction Fig.
Kiʻi.
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka Spectrometers i ke ana ʻana i kahi ākea ākea o ka radiation optical, inā ma ka nānā pono ʻana i ke kiko kikoʻī o kahi kumu kukui a i ʻole ma ke kālailai ʻana i ka noʻonoʻo, absorption, hoʻouna ʻana, a i ʻole ka lūlū ʻana o ka mālamalama ma hope o kona launa pū ʻana me kahi mea.Ma hope o ka launa pū ʻana o ka māmā a me ka mea, ʻike ka spectrum i ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi ākea kikoʻī a i ʻole ka lōʻihi o ka nalu kikoʻī, a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā waiwai o ka waiwai e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka spectrum, e like me ka biological and chemical analysis of ka haku mele 'ana o ke koko a me ka 'ike 'ole, a me ka 'ike 'ana o ka mole, ka ho'okumu 'ātoma a me ka haku mele 'ana o nā mea Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 Infrared absorption spectra o nā ʻano ʻaila like ʻole
I hana mua ʻia no ke aʻo ʻana i ka physics, astronomy, chemistry, ʻo ka spectrometer kekahi o nā mea koʻikoʻi loa i nā kula he nui e like me ka ʻenekinia kemika, ka nānā ʻana i nā mea waiwai, ka ʻepekema astronomical, nā diagnostics olakino, a me ka bio-sensing.I ke kenekulia 17, ua hiki iā Isaac Newton ke hoʻokaʻawale i ke kukui i ʻāpana kala mau ma ke kau ʻana i ke kukui keʻokeʻo ma waena o kahi prism a hoʻohana i ka huaʻōlelo "Spectrum" no ka manawa mua e wehewehe i kēia mau hopena Fig.
Fig. 3 Ua aʻo ʻo Isaac Newton i ke ʻano o ka lā me kahi prisma.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19, ua hana ka ʻepekema Kelemania ʻo Joseph von Fraunhofer (Franchofer), i hui pū ʻia me nā prisms, nā ʻāpana diffraction a me nā telescopes, i hana i kahi spectrometer me ka precision kiʻekiʻe a me ka pololei, i hoʻohana ʻia e kālailai i ka spectrum o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka lā Fig 4. ʻO ia. ʻike ʻia no ka manawa mua ʻaʻole hoʻomau ka spectrum o nā kala ʻehiku o ka lā, akā he nui nā laina ʻeleʻele (ma luna o 600 mau laina discrete) ma luna, ʻike ʻia ʻo "Frankenhofer line" kaulana.Ua kapa ʻo ia i ka mea ʻokoʻa loa o kēia mau laina A, B, C…H a ua helu ʻo ia i 574 mau laina ma waena o B a me H e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana o nā mea like ʻole ma ka spectrum solar Fig. 5. I ka manawa like, ʻo Fraunhofer kekahi. e hoʻohana mua i ka ʻūhā ʻokoʻa no ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kiko laina a me ka helu ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o nā laina kikoʻī.
Fig. 4. He spectrometer mua, nānā ʻia me ke kanaka
Fig. 5 Laina Fraun Whaffe (laina ʻeleʻele ma ka lipine)
Fig. 6 ʻĀpana lā, me ka ʻāpana concave e pili ana i ka laina Fraun Wolfel
Ma ka waena o ke kenekulia 19, ua hana pū nā physicists Kelemania ʻo Kirchhoff lāua ʻo Bunsen, ma ke Kulanui o Heidelberg, a me ka mea hana ahi hou a Bunsen (ka Bunsen burner) a hana i ka loiloi spectral mua ma ka ʻike ʻana i nā laina kikoʻī kikoʻī o nā kemika like ʻole. (paʻakai) i kāpīpī ʻia i loko o ka lapalapa ahi Bunsen fig.7. Ua ʻike lākou i ka nānā ʻana o nā mea ma ka nānā ʻana i ka spectra, a i ka makahiki 1860 i hoʻopuka i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka spectra o ʻewalu mau mea, a ua hoʻoholo i ke ola ʻana o kēia mau mea i loko o kekahi hui kūlohelohe.Ua alakaʻi ʻia kā lākou ʻike i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi lālā koʻikoʻi o ka spectroscopy analytical chemistry: spectroscopic analysis
Fig.7 Ka hopena o ke ahi
I nā makahiki 20 o ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻohana ka physicist India CV Raman i kahi spectrometer e ʻike ai i ka hopena hoʻopuehu inelastic o ka māmā a me nā molekala i loko o nā hopena kūlohelohe.Uaʻikeʻo ia i ka hoʻopuehuʻiaʻana o ka mālamalama me ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa ma hope o ka launaʻana me ka mālamalama, i kapaʻiaʻo Raman scattering fig 8. ʻO ka hoʻololiʻana o ka ikehu māmā e hōʻike ana i ka microstructure o nā mole, no laila, hoʻohana nuiʻia ka spectroscopy o Raman i nā mea waiwai, lāʻau lapaʻau, kemika. a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe e ʻike a nānā i ke ʻano molekala a me ke ʻano o nā mea.
Fig. 8 Huli ka ikehu ma hope o ka launa pū ʻana o ka malamalama me nā mole
I nā makahiki 30 o ke kenekulia 20, ua manaʻo mua ka ʻepekema ʻAmelika ʻo Dr. Beckman e ana i ka absorption o ultraviolet spectra i kēlā me kēia nalu i ka ʻokoʻa no ka palapala ʻana i ka spectrum absorption holoʻokoʻa, a laila e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā kemika i ka hopena.ʻO kēia alahele māmā absorption lawe ʻia me ke kumu kukui, spectrometer, a me ka laʻana.Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hapa nui o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hopena o kēia manawa a me ka ʻike ʻana ma luna o kēia spectrum absorption transmission.Ma ʻaneʻi, ua māhele ʻia ke kumu kukui ma luna o ka laʻana a nānā ʻia ka prisma a i ʻole ka ʻuala no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lōʻihi nalu like ʻole Fig. 9.
Fig.9 Kuʻuna ʻIke Absorbance –
I nā makahiki 40 o ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka spectrometer ʻike maka mua, a no ka manawa mua, ua hoʻololi ʻo photomultiplier tubes PMTs a me nā mea uila i ka nānā maka kanaka a i ʻole nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi, hiki ke heluhelu pololei i ka ikaika spectral e kūʻē i ka nalu lōʻihi. 10. No laila, ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka spectrometer ma ke ʻano he mea ʻepekema ma ke ʻano o ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻohana ʻana, ke ana nui, a me ka naʻau i ka wā o ka manawa.
Fig. 10 Photomultiplier tube
I ka waena o ke kenekulia 20, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana spectrometer mai ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea semiconductor optoelectronic a me nā mea hana.I ka makahiki 1969, ua hana ʻo Willard Boyle lāua ʻo George Smith o Bell Labs i ka CCD (Charge-Coupled Device), a laila hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia a hoʻomohala ʻia i mau noi kiʻi e Michael F. Tompsett i nā makahiki 1970.Willard Boyle (hema), George Smith i lanakila i ka mea i lanakila i ka Nobel Prize no ka lakou hana ana o ka CCD (2009) i hoikeia Fig. 11. I ka makahiki 1980, Nobukazu Teranishi o NEC ma Iapana i hana i ka photodiode paʻa, ka mea i hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ke kiʻi noise ratio a olelo hooholo.Ma hope mai, i ka makahiki 1995, ua hana ʻo Eric Fossum o NASA i ka CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) kiʻi sensor, e hoʻopau ana i ka mana he 100 ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā kiʻi kiʻi CCD like ʻole a he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa ke kumu kūʻai.
Fig. 11 Willard Boyle (hema), George Smith a me kā lākou CCD (1974)
I ka pau ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, ʻo ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana o ka semiconductor optoelectronic chip processing a me ka ʻenehana hana, ʻoi aku me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka array CCD a me CMOS i nā spectrometers Fig.I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua loaʻa i nā spectrometers ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i kahi ākea o nā noi, e komo pū ana akā ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia i ka ʻike kala/ana ʻana, ka nānā ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka hawewe laser, a me ka spectroscopy fluorescence, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā LED, ke kiʻi a me nā lako ʻike kukui, nā kikoʻī fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, a me nā mea hou aku. .
Fig. 12 Nā ʻāpana CCD like ʻole
I ke kenekulia 21, ua ulu mālie a paʻa ka hoʻolālā a me ka ʻenehana hana o nā ʻano spectrometers like ʻole.Me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka noi no nā spectrometers ma nā wahi āpau o ke ola, ua ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā spectrometers a me ka ʻoihana kikoʻī.Ma waho aʻe o nā hōʻailona hoʻohālikelike optical maʻamau, ua hana nā ʻoihana like ʻole i ka koi o ka nui o ka leo, nā hana polokalamu, nā pilina kamaʻilio, ka wikiwiki o ka pane, ke kūpaʻa, a me nā kumukūʻai o nā spectrometers, e hoʻonui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka spectrometer.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-28-2023